Firms’ demand for work hours: Evidence from matched firm-worker data in Japan

Using information on Japanese males’ work hours and the matched firms’ characteristics, this paper investigates whether the number of hours worked is determined by demand-side factors and tries to offer a possible explanation of why Japanese males tend to work longer on average, than their counterparts in other countries. Based on an empirical framework in which each firm sets a minimum boundary of work hours and where workers hired by the firm are required to put in at least the minimum hours, we found that the minimum requirement depends on each firm’s fixed costs of labor. Specifically, firms that tend to hoard labor during recessions, presumably because of higher fixed costs, require incumbent workers to work longer hours during normal times. Since Japanese firms have long been considered as incurring high fixed costs to train workers, we interpret the long work hour requirement as a rational strategy for Japanese firms in protecting high-skill-accumulated workers from dismissal. In other words, the long work hours of Japanese males reflect firms’ long-term employment practices, a typical feature of the Japanese labor market.     

Re-examination of wage, employment, and hours adjustments: what is crucial for differences in the adjustments?

Manufacturing wage, employment, and hours adjustments are significantly different among developed countries, typically between Japan and the US. The problem of explaining the differences is closely related to that of what effect the extent of wage flexibility has on labor market adjustments. However, prevailing theories are invalid or incomplete for explaining the differences. The differences in the adjustments cannot be unrelated with institutional features of the labor market. Indeed, the extent of wage flexibility depends on the differences in the institutional features. Using a new model with such an idea, this paper theoretically re-examines the cause of the differences in the adjustments. The crucial causes are the characteristics of wage flexibility as well as the differences of the institutional features. The characteristics are that wage adjustment is discontinuous, infrequent, and has a lower limit in comparison with changes in demand.     

2000～2010年中国农业剩余劳动力的数量分析

本文通过农业技术需求法和中国农业生产实际估算了2000～2010年农业剩余劳动力数量。结果表明,2000～2010年中国农村有待转移的剩余劳动力数量呈上升、后逐年快速下降的趋势,到2010年,下降至6820.92万。此外,本文将从年龄结构和文化结构两个角度就待转移农业剩余劳动力素质进行了分析。最后,本文对如何更加有效地转移和利用农业剩余劳动力提出了政策建议。     

基于DEA方法的安徽省各地市经济发展效率评价

根据2006—2010年安徽省17个地市的经济投入产出数据,利用数据包络分析方法,对安徽省各地市经济发展效率进行评价,并对部分非DEA有效的地区进行投影分析。利用BC2输入模型,综合五年的计量结果,对比各个地市的纯技术效率与规模效率,找出制约各地市经济发展的原因所在,并为提高各地市的发展效率提出建议。     

两税合并的要素收入份额影响研究

实证研究发现,基于合理的参数,两税合并的实施有利于降低劳动要素对企业所得税的实际负担率,无论是将房地产、租赁和商务服务业划入外商投资比例较高的部门还是外商投资比例较低的部门.在两种不同分类法下,劳动要素的企业所得税实际负担率比上年下降了0.36和0.33个百分点,降幅达到3.20%和2.56%.结束对外资的“超国民待遇”,促进了企业间的公平竞争,降低了内资的市场进入成本,有利于改善劳动要素在国民收入再分配过程中的地位     

改进的S模式纠错算法

对检测到错误的S模式应答信号报文纠错,传统的方法是查表法,不仅效率很低,而 且要求很大的存储空间存放错误图样,不适合工程应用。通过对S模式应答信号的干扰情况 、编译码方式及循环码特性的深入研究,提出了余数计算的改进方法;再结合使用码元置信 度,实现了能快速、准确定位误码并纠正它们的算法。改进的纠错算法不仅效率高,而且占 用系统资源少,易于硬件实现,其有效性已得到工程应用的验证。     

THE DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYMENT: A SECTORAL ANALYSIS FOR TURKEY

This paper analyzes the effects of wages, openness, and demand on employment in the private manufacturing industry in Turkey based on panel data for the period of 1973–2001. The wage elasticity of employment increases after trade liberalization. Nevertheless, output elasticity of labor demand is higher than wage elasticity in the total manufacturing sector for the whole estimation period, and in the high- and medium-skilled sectors in the post-1980 period. Trade effects, after controlling for output, seem to have a low economic significance. The positive effects of exports on the labor intensity of production are low or are offset by labor saving effects of foreign trade, particularly in the high- and medium-skilled sectors. On the other hand, there is some evidence of a negative import effect in the low-skilled sectors, whereas in the high- and medium-skilled group a complementary relation between domestic labor and imported inputs dominates the effects.     

《劳动合同法》视野下规范劳务派遣发展的对策研究

《劳动合同法》及《劳动合同法实施条例》(以下简称《条例》)针对我国目前快速但无序发展的劳务派遣存在的问题做出了相应规定,但仍存在缺陷,因此,应从完善立法、规范被派遣劳动者、劳务派遣单位、用工单位及政府的行为方面促进劳务派遣的发展。     

Tax Reform,Sector‐specific Labor Supply and Welfare Effects*

This paper focuses in particular on the 1992 tax reform in Norway. In this reform the top marginal tax rates were cut considerably. We find that the impact on overall labor supply is rather modest, but these modest changes shadow for stronger sectoral changes. The tax reform stimulated the women to shift their labor from the public to the private sector and to work longer hours. A calculation of mean compensated variation, calculated within the framework of a random utility model, shows that the richest households benefited far more from the 1992 tax reform than did the poorest households.     

国际贸易与劳动力市场:研究述评

近三十年来,国际贸易迅速发展,同时各国劳动力市场保持着一种动态变化,国际贸易对劳动力市场的影响不断加深.在这一背景下,国际经济学和劳动经济学领域的学者对国际贸易与劳动力市场的关系进行了大量的理论与经验研究,相关研究主要集中在三个方面:国际贸易对各国工资的影响、国际贸易对各国就业的效应以及国际贸易对劳动力需求弹性的影响.本文将从上述三个方面对相关研究进行回顾.